There has been an increased recognition that more attention needs to be paid to the new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations. While the nationwide system can be adopted optimally in the past decades, pathways about how to be implemented in the new era still need further exploration. In order to analyze this issue, we compared the methods and cases of how to mobilize innovative resources and breakthrough major national scientific and technological problems at home and abroad. We compared the scientific and technological innovation situation in different historical periods in China from the view of history, theory, and practices. On this basis, we put forward the “bow and arrow mode” for implementing the new nationwide system. This pattern has shown that the new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations relies on the combinations of the top-down approach to determine larger goals and the bottom-up approach to maintaining the adaptability and the flexibility of each task. On the one hand, by modeling the interlinkages in the overall solution, the top-down approach is designed to focus on the strategic priorities of holistic thinking and planning. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach is applied to distribute the local tasks based on the innovation capabilities of each team to fulfill the larger goals. Therefore, implementing a new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations can spawn many positive impacts through synthesizing coordination strategies for team tasks.