Sound and effective investment mechanism and fund management measures are the key contents to improve the input-output efficiency of large scientific research infrastructure. In this regards, EU takes large scientific research infrastructure as a strategic scientific and technological resource to support R&D development. EU strengthens investment in large scientific research infrastructure through governmental funds and joint investment, and mobilizes the resources of Member States to build a resource sharing network. Meanwhile, the funding model of “Public Construction with Private Operation” and “Cost and Risk Sharing” has been established, which helps to resolve the risks in investment and construction. Besides, EU has established a mature funding system in supporting the capitalization cost, operation cost and transnational access cost of large scientific research infrastructure in combination with the whole life cycle. The sound and effective investment mechanism provides excellent financial guarantee for the construction, operation and use of large infrastructure. In addition, the EU has formed a mature funding management system, established a fair and reliable funding review and prior evaluation methods, and determined a scientific and economic cost accounting method, which has effectively improved the input-output efficiency of large scientific research infrastructure funding. The EU experience has significance reference for promoting the construction and operation of large scientific devices. In combination with China’s reality, it is suggested to expand and coordinate the investment channels of China’s large scientific research infrastructure, improve the cost accounting methods, and increase the support for the operation, maintenance and use of facilities, so as to improve the social and economic benefits of the construction and operation of China’s large scientific research infrastructure, and ultimately enhance the “hard power” of science, technology and innovation in China.