Abstract: As a key part in science and technology management, science and technology evaluation are of great significance to the improvement of government science and technology management, the optimization of science and technology resources allocation, as well as the improvement of science and technology management level. This paper selects the science and technology evaluation system of the United States and Japan as the research object. Firstly, it summarizes the historical development of the science and technology evaluation system of the two countries. Then, from the perspective of evaluation objects, the main methods used by the United States and Japan in the evaluation of science and technology institutions, science and technology projects and science and technology talents are summarized in detail. Then, it compares the similarities and differences as well as outstanding experiences between the United States and Japan’s science and technology evaluation systems. Finally, based on the comparison results, this paper puts forward the following three suggestions to further improve China's science and technology evaluation system: 1) Improve the participation mechanism of third-party to ensure the independence and impartiality of science and technology evaluation; 2) Improve the grading and classification mechanism of science and technology evaluation standards and promote the rational development of science and technology evaluation indicators; 3) Improve the resource sharing mechanism and promote the transparency of science and technology evaluation process.

Key words: S&T evaluation, US, Japan, System Comparison