In the context of a new round of technological revolution, global disruptive technological innovations are flourishing. Governments, industries, and academia of various countries are actively seeking effective methods and pathways to identify disruptive technologies. Patents, as the most effective carriers of technological information, have been widely applied in the identification of disruptive technologies. A measurement framework is developed for characterizing potentially disruptive technologies using patent indicators, based on patent data. First, a list of potential disruptive technologies is selected through the analysis of technological breakthroughs. Then a measurement system for the degree of technological disruption is constructed using three dimensions: technological novelty, technological diffusion, and technological impact. This model is used to identify the degree of disruptive technologies within a specific industry. In this article, the green hydrogen industry is selected for empirical research using the proposed model. The disruptive potential of technologies in the green hydrogen industry is analyzed using the framework for identifying disruptive technologies. It is found that “solar hydrogen production and supply”, “biological hydrogen production” and “automotive applications” are areas with relatively high disruptive potential in this industry. Through relevant research on the initially screened technological themes, the validity of this method in prospectively predicting potential disruptive technologies is verified.