Life science research and the development and application of biotechnology not only benefit human society, but may also bring potential risks. Biotechnology security governance is an important component of biosecurity governance. The United States attaches great importance to the development of biotechnology and also pays attention to biotechnology security governance, forming a relatively thorough regulatory system and doing many related policy studies. This study summarized relevant regulations on biotechnology security in the United States, guidance from U.S. government agencies such as the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, and reports from the National Academies Press. It analyzed the characteristics of biotechnology security governance in the United States and the current situation of biotechnology security governance in China, and proposed suggestions for China’s biotechnology security governance.