Scientific data flow is an unstable complex adaptive system far from equilibrium. In order to regulate the orderly flow of scientific data and coordinate the rights and interests of subjects, and ensure the sustainability of the operation of the scientific data flow system, it is necessary and feasible to study scientific data governance issues that can regulate the flow of scientific data from the perspective of complex adaptive system theory. The relevant research on scientific data governance is reviewed, based on the interpretation of relevant concepts of scientific data governance, and deeply discusses the mechanism of scientific data governance from three dimensions of governance elements, governance processes, and rules according to complex adaptive system theoretical thought, in order to protect the rights and interests of scientific data subjects from the perspective of process justice, create institutional trust in the scientific data flow, and enhance the enthusiasm of subjects to practice the collective action intention, thus ensure the smooth flow of sustainable scientific data.