Testimony to the diversity of ambitions and expectations for the bioeconomy are bioeconomy strategies of many countries and regions. The diversity of bioeconomic approaches often leads to a meta-level and concepts are described in very general terms. Then it often remains unclear what the bioeconomy does and what practical solutions it provides, the bioeconomy is often reduced to technologies. The central hypothesis of this article is that regionalization is a key to the concretization of bioeconomy concepts, and thus to real implementation and impact relevance. We propose the bioeconomy in a very open definition as the production and utilization of biological resources (including knowledge) to provide products, processes and services in all sectors within the framework of a sustainable economy. We then analyze relevant EU initiatives for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy and focus on the elements necessary for the development of a bioeconomy, including natural resources, human capital, industrial capital and technologies. Finally, regional industry clusters related to the bioeconomy are presented, with a focus on the BioökonomieREVIER (BÖR) and The Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) in Germany.

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