Recently, China’s first five-year plan for bioeconomy was released, which clearly identified bio-agriculture as one of the five key development areas. It not only cultivates new kinetic energy for the high-quality development of China’s agriculture, but also proposes a new direction for biotechnology innovation and bioindustry development. This paper expounds on the significance of agriculture as an important application scenario of the future bioeconomy. At the same time, it summarizes the development experience of the countries and regions represented by the United States and the European Union, such as the strategic policies and leading technologies of the bioeconomy. Based on analyzing the demand for biotechnology and bioeconomics in the process of China’s agriculture moving towards high-quality development, including the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, improving agricultural production efficiency, reducing agricultural emissions and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and food, this paper proposes specific ways to give full play to the supporting role of bioeconomy in China’s high-quality agricultural development from three aspects: the improvement of agricultural biotechnology innovation capabilities, the integrated development of bio-agricultural industries and the creation of a favorable policy environment.