Science and technology report is a report that records the achievements or progress of scientific research projects, and plays an important role in the dissemination and utilization of knowledge. Countries all over the world pay special attention to the construction of science and technology report system, among which the construction of science and technology report system in the United States is the most comprehensive and has the most outstanding results, which has reference significance for China to optimize the construction of science and technology report system. Based on the types, policies and regulations, division of responsibilities, open sharing and other systems of science and technology reports between China and the United States, the paper combs and compares them, and reveals that there are some problems in Chinese science and technology reports, such as the management system is not systematic and comprehensive, the openness and sharing of science and technology reports is not strong, the collection management scope of science and technology reports needs to be widened, and the ownership of property rights of science and technology reports needs to be clarified. Finally, inview of the shortcomings in the construction of China’s science and technology reporting system, the paper puts forward some countermeasures, suggestions and prospects for further optimization: 1) Implement the classified management system of science and technology reports between the military and the civilian population, and manage the science and technology reports involving national defense science and technology content according to the Interim Administrative Measures for Science and Technology Reports of National Defense Science and Technology Industry; 2) Implement a unified management system for civil science and technology reports, and collect and manage government-funded scientific research project reports in a unified manner; 3) Strengthen the construction of scientific and technological report concept and consciousness, and improve the ideological understanding of scientific and technological report of the whole people; 4) Incorporate scientific and technological reports into scientific research project management, and track and manage scientific and technological reports in the whole process; 5) Accelerate the construction of science and technology report quality evaluation system and promote the overall improvement of science and technology report quality; 6) Clarify the ownership of intellectual property rights of scientific and technological reports and solve the problem of difficult determination of ownership of property rights; 7) Strengthen the management of open sharing of scientific and technological reports and promote the open sharing of scientific and technological reports as far as possible; 8) Strengthen the construction of scientific research integrity in scientific and technological reports, and establish a good style of work and study.